NABTEB 2025 Agricultural Science Questions And Answers

NABTEB 2025 Agricultural Science Questions And Answers

NABTEB 2025 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANSWERS

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY

NABTEB AGRIC
01-10: BCBBBCCACA
11-20: DDBBAABBCB
21-30: DDAABABAAD
31-40: DBADCCACAD
41-50: DCBCBCBABB

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(1a)
(i) Inadequate Finance: Limited access to credit facilities and low financial resources make it difficult for farmers to invest in modern inputs, machinery, and storage facilities.
(ii) Poor Infrastructure: Bad roads, poor storage, unreliable power supply, and weak transportation networks contribute to high post-harvest losses and low profits for farmers.
(iii) Low Level of Education and Training: Few farmers are adequately trained in modern agricultural practices, which reduces their ability to maximize production.
(iv) Primitive Farming Techniques: Traditional methods of production, which are labor-intensive and less efficient, continue to undermine agricultural output.
(v) Pests and Diseases: Large-scale attacks by pests and diseases destroy significant amounts of produce and undermine food security.
(vi) Unfavorable Government Policy: Policy inconsistent with agricultural development, poor implementation, and weak incentives for producers further contribute to the sector’s struggles.

(1b)
=Advantages of Agricultural Mechanisation=
(i) Increase in Operations’ Speed and Efficiency: Mechanization allows for faster land preparation, sowing, fertilizer application, and harvesting, thereby increasing agricultural output.
(ii) Reduction in Labor Costs: The use of machinery reduces the need for human labor, which can be scarce or expensive, thereby reducing production costs.
(iii) Higher Quality of Operations: Machine precision helps to perform tasks more accurately, resulting in greater yields and less waste.

=Disadvantages of Agricultural Mechanisation=
(i) High Initial Costs: The purchase of machinery involves significant financial investment, which many small farmers cannot afford.
(ii) Maintenance and Repair Costs: The upkeep and repairs of machinery can be expensive and require specialized skills.
(iii) Displacement of Labor: Mechanization may reduce employment opportunities for agricultural workers, affecting their livelihoods and causing social unrest.
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(2a)
(i) Igneous Rocks: Examples: Granite, Basalt
(ii) Sedimentary Rocks: Examples: Limestone, Sandstone
(iii) Metamorphic Rocks: Examples: Marble, Slate.

(2b)
(Draw the diagram)
[img]https://i.ibb.co/twx9pxWk/carbon-cycle.jpg[/img]

The carbon cycle is a natural process where carbon moves through the atmosphere, plants, animals, and the Earth. Plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, which then passes to animals when they feed. Carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration, decomposition, and the burning of fossil fuels, maintaining a continuous flow of carbon through the environment.
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(3a)
Afforestation is the process of planting trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover, to create a new forest. It is often carried out to combat desertification, improve biodiversity, and enhance environmental quality.

(3bi)
=LEGUMES=
(i) Bacterial blight
(ii) Anthracnose

(3bii)
=VEGETABLES=
(i) Downy mildew
(ii) Leaf spot

(3biii)
=ROOTS AND TUBERS=
(i) Yam mosaic virus
(ii) Cassava bacterial blight

(3c)
(i) Provides timber and wood for construction and fuel
(ii) Serves as a habitat for wildlife
(iii) Prevents soil erosion through root binding
(iv) Acts as a carbon sink by absorbing carbon dioxide
(v) Contributes to rainfall formation and climate regulation
(vi) Provides medicinal plants and herbs
(vii) Supports biodiversity conservation
(viii) Offers recreational and ecotourism opportunities

(3d)
Pasture is land covered with grasses and legumes used for grazing by livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It may be natural or established by humans for feeding animals.
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(4a)
(i) To provide animal protein such as meat, milk, and eggs for human consumption.
(ii) To generate income and employment through livestock farming and related industries.
(iii) To produce raw materials like leather, wool, and manure for industries and agriculture.
(iv) To use animals for cultural, religious, or ceremonial purposes in some communities.

(4b)
(IN A TABULAR FORM)

=RUMINANT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM=
(i) Has a four-chambered stomach
(ii) Capable of regurgitating and re-chewing food
(iii) Efficient in digesting cellulose from plant material
(iv) Microorganisms in the rumen help break down fibrous food.

=MONOGASTRIC DIGESTIVE SYSTEM=
(i) Has a single-chambered stomach
(ii) Cannot regurgitate food once swallowed
(iii) Less efficient in digesting cellulose
(iv) Limited microbial activity occurs in the large intestine.

(4c)
(i) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): This hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Its main function is to stimulate the development and maturation of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs (ova).
(ii) Luteinizing Hormone (LH): It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. LH triggers ovulation, the release of a mature egg from the follicle. It also promotes the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.
(iii) Progesterone: This hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation. Its main function is to prepare and maintain the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining and inhibiting further ovulation during pregnancy.

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(5a)
(i) Seasonal Variation in Production: Agricultural produce is often seasonal, meaning large quantities are available during harvest and scarce during the off-season. This leads to low prices during glut and high prices during scarcity, causing instability.
(ii) Perishability of Agricultural Products: Many farm products like fruits, vegetables, and dairy are highly perishable and cannot be stored for long. Without adequate storage facilities, farmers may rush to sell quickly, leading to price drops and fluctuations.
(iii) Lack of Organized Markets: In Nigeria, poor market infrastructure, limited access to price information, and the dominance of middlemen cause inconsistent pricing. Farmers often sell at low prices while consumers pay high prices, contributing to price instability.

(5b)
(i) Improved Agricultural Productivity: Extension services educate farmers on modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and better quality produce.
(ii) Transfer of Technology: New agricultural research findings, tools, and innovations are passed on to farmers, enhancing efficiency.
(iii) Poverty Reduction: By increasing farm incomes through improved practices, extension services help reduce rural poverty.
(iv) Promotion of Agribusiness: Extension programmes guide farmers on processing, marketing, and business planning, promoting commercial agriculture.
(v) Environmental Conservation: Farmers are trained on sustainable practices like soil conservation and climate-smart agriculture, protecting the environment.
(vi) Food Security: By boosting production and reducing losses, extension programmes help ensure a steady supply of food for the growing population.

(5c)
(i) Demonstration Method: This involves showing a group of farmers how to perform a new farming practice on the field. It helps them learn by observing and participating in the actual process.
(ii) Field Days and Agricultural Shows: These are organized events where farmers gather to see displays of improved practices, tools, and technologies. They create awareness and encourage adoption through practical exposure.
(iii) Training and Workshops: These involve organized sessions where groups of farmers receive detailed instruction on specific topics, such as pest control, irrigation methods, or record keeping. They encourage interaction and skill development.
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(6a)
(i) Presence of an inlet and outlet for water control.
(ii) A well-constructed pond embankment or dike.
(iii) Availability of a pond drainage system.
(iv) Adequate water depth suitable for fish growth.
(v) Non-porous soil to prevent water seepage.
(vi) A screened outlet to prevent fish escape and entry of predators.

(6b)
(i) Site selection: This involves choosing a suitable location with a reliable water source, clayey soil to hold water, and easy accessibility for management activities.
(ii) Clearing and bush removal: The selected area is cleared of all vegetation, trees, and stumps to prepare it for construction and prevent water obstruction or pest infestation.
(iii) Pond construction: This includes excavation of the pond area, building of embankments, installation of water inlet and outlet structures, and shaping the pond to the desired size and depth.
(iv) Liming: Application of agricultural lime to the pond bottom helps to neutralize soil acidity, improve soil condition, and enhance the availability of nutrients for plankton development.
(v) Fertilization: Organic or inorganic fertilizers are added to increase the productivity of the pond by promoting the growth of plankton, which serves as natural fish food.
(vi) Water filling and monitoring: The pond is filled with clean water and monitored for appropriate temperature, oxygen level, and clarity to ensure it is suitable for fish stocking.
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(7a)
(i) Commercial Banks: These financial institutions provide loans and credit facilities to farmers for purchasing inputs like seeds, fertilizers, equipment, or expanding their operations. They usually require collateral and charge interest on loans.
(ii) Government Agricultural Schemes: Government agencies or programmes such as the Bank of Agriculture or CBN agricultural intervention funds provide soft loans, grants, or subsidies to support farmers and boost food production.
(iii) Cooperative Societies: Farmers form or join cooperatives to pool resources together. These societies provide members with access to credit, inputs, and shared equipment at lower costs, often with flexible repayment terms.

(7b)
(i) Ovulation: This is the process by which a mature egg (ovum) is released from the ovary of a female animal into the fallopian tube, making it available for fertilization.
(ii) Lactation: This refers to the period during which a female animal produces and secretes milk from her mammary glands to feed her offspring after giving birth.
(iii) Gestation: This is the period between conception and birth during which the fertilized egg develops into a fetus inside the uterus. The duration varies among animal species.

(7c)
(i) Restlessness and increased movement: The animal becomes unusually active, moving around more than usual, indicating discomfort and the urge to mate.
(ii) Mounting behavior: A female in heat may try to mount other animals or stand still when mounted by others, which is a clear sign of estrus.
(iii) Swollen and reddish vulva: The vulva becomes enlarged, red, and may have a moist appearance due to increased blood flow and hormonal activity.
(iv) Mucus discharge from the vulva: A clear, sticky mucus is often seen dripping from the vulva, showing that the animal is in the fertile phase of its reproductive cycle.

(7d)
(i) Bee hive
(ii) Hive tool
(iii) Bee smoker
(iv) Honey extractor
(v) Protective clothing
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