NABTEB 2025 Geography Practical Questions And Answers

NABTEB 2025 GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL ANSWERS

SECTION A

(1)

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SECTION B

PART I
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS ONLY FROM THIS PART.

(2a)
Given:
Time in London (GMT) = 8:00 hours
Time in Addis Ababa = 12:00 hours (noon)
Time difference = 12:00 – 8:00
Time difference = 4 hours
1 hour = 15° of longitude
4 hours × 15° = 60°
Addis Ababa is at 60° East longitude

(2b)
(i) Time Zone: A time zone is a region of the Earth that has the same standard time. The world is divided into 24 time zones, each covering 15 degrees of longitude, corresponding to one hour of time difference from the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

(ii) Standard Time: Standard time is the official time adopted by a country or region, usually based on the mean solar time of a specific meridian within its time zone. It helps unify time across places within the same zone, avoiding confusion from local mean times.

(iii) International Dateline: The International Dateline is an imaginary line roughly along the 180° longitude in the Pacific Ocean, where the calendar date changes. When crossed from west to east, a day is subtracted; when crossed from east to west, a day is added.
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(3a)
Soil erosion is the gradual removal or wearing away of the top layer of soil by natural agents such as water, wind, or human activities, leading to the loss of soil fertility and structure.

(3b)
(i) Water Action: Heavy rainfall and surface runoff cause the washing away of soil, especially on slopes. The impact of raindrops loosens soil particles which are then carried away by flowing water.
(ii) Wind Action: In arid and semi-arid regions, strong winds blow away loose, dry, and fine soil particles. This is common in desert areas where there is little vegetation to hold the soil together.
(iii) Deforestation: The removal of vegetation cover through logging or bush burning exposes the soil to the direct impact of rain and wind, increasing the risk of erosion due to the absence of roots that bind the soil.
(iv) Overgrazing: When too many animals graze on the same land, the vegetation is depleted, leaving the soil bare and compacted. This makes it vulnerable to erosion by water and wind.
(v) Poor Agricultural Practices: Farming methods such as plowing along slopes, continuous cropping, and lack of crop rotation disturb soil structure and leave it exposed, increasing the risk of erosion.

(3c)
(i) Loss of Soil Fertility: Soil erosion removes the topsoil, which is rich in nutrients necessary for plant growth. This leads to reduced agricultural productivity and poor crop yields.
(ii) Desertification: Continuous erosion can lead to the transformation of fertile land into barren desert-like areas, especially in dry regions, reducing the land’s ability to support vegetation and agriculture.
(iii) Water Pollution: Eroded soil often ends up in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, leading to siltation. This reduces water quality, affects aquatic life, and can clog irrigation and water supply systems.
(iv) Destruction of Infrastructure: Soil erosion can damage roads, buildings, bridges, and farmlands. Gullies and landslides may occur, destroying human settlements and infrastructure.
(v) Flooding: By removing the protective top layer of vegetation and soil, erosion increases surface runoff and decreases the land’s ability to absorb water, leading to frequent and severe flooding.

(3d)
(i) Afforestation and Reforestation: Planting trees and maintaining forest cover help to hold the soil together with roots, reduce the impact of raindrops, and block the force of wind.
(ii) Terracing: Constructing terraces on slopes reduces the speed of water runoff and allows water to soak into the soil, minimizing erosion on hilly lands.
(iii) Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contours of the land, rather than up and down slopes, helps reduce water runoff and soil loss by allowing water to infiltrate the soil slowly.
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(4a)
(i) Igneous rocks
(ii) Sedimentary rocks

(4bi)
(i) Crystalline Texture: Igneous rocks are made up of interlocking crystals formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava. The size of the crystals depends on the rate of cooling.
(ii) Hardness and Density: They are generally hard, compact, and dense due to their crystalline structure and the presence of minerals like quartz, feldspar, and mica.
(iii) Lack of Fossils: Igneous rocks do not contain fossils because they form from molten material, which destroys any organic matter present.
(iv) Variety of Mineral Composition: They contain various minerals such as quartz, biotite, hornblende, and feldspar, which give them different colors and compositions.
(v) Resistance to Weathering: Igneous rocks are very resistant to weathering and erosion, making them durable and long-lasting in the environment.

(4bii)
(i) Cooling of Magma or Lava: Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock material (magma) cools and solidifies either beneath the Earth’s surface (intrusive) or on the surface after a volcanic eruption (extrusive).
(ii) Intrusive Formation (Plutonic): When magma cools slowly beneath the Earth’s surface, it forms intrusive igneous rocks like granite. The slow cooling allows large crystals to develop.
(iii) Extrusive Formation (Volcanic): When lava erupts from a volcano and cools quickly on the Earth’s surface, it forms extrusive igneous rocks like basalt, with small or no visible crystals.
(iv) Formation in Cracks and Fissures: Igneous rocks can also form in cracks and fissures when magma is forced into rock layers and solidifies as dykes, sills, or batholiths.
(v) Absence of Stratification: Unlike sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks do not form in layers or strata because they originate from molten material that cools into a solid mass.

(4c)
(i) Source of Building Materials: Rocks such as granite, limestone, and sandstone are widely used in construction for building houses, roads, bridges, and monuments.
(ii) Source of Minerals and Metals: Many rocks contain valuable minerals and ores like gold, iron, copper, and bauxite, which are extracted for industrial and economic purposes.
(iii) Used in Agriculture: Limestone and phosphate rocks are used to produce fertilizers that enrich soil and boost agricultural productivity.
(iv) Source of Energy Resources: Sedimentary rocks like shale and sandstone may contain fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are major sources of energy.
(v) Tourism and Recreation: Unique rock formations and landscapes such as caves, mountains, and cliffs attract tourists, generating income and promoting local economies.
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PART II
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ONE QUESTION ONLY FROM THIS PART.

(5a)
GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer-based tool used to store, analyze, manage, and display spatial or geographic data, while Remote Sensing is the process of collecting information about the Earth’s surface from a distance using satellites or aircraft without physical contact.

(5b)
(i) Urban Planning: GIS is used by city planners to design and manage urban infrastructure, including roads, housing, drainage systems, and land use. It helps in analyzing spatial data to support informed decision-making for sustainable development.
(ii) Disaster Management: GIS plays a critical role in predicting, monitoring, and responding to natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and wildfires. It helps in risk mapping, evacuation planning, and resource allocation during emergencies.
(iii) Environmental Management: GIS is used to monitor environmental changes like deforestation, desertification, and pollution. It supports conservation efforts by mapping protected areas and tracking changes in biodiversity.
(iv) Transportation and Navigation: GIS is applied in route planning, traffic analysis, and the management of transportation networks. It aids logistics companies and government agencies in improving the efficiency of travel and delivery services.
(v) Agriculture: Farmers and agricultural experts use GIS to monitor soil conditions, manage irrigation, and plan crop rotation. It enhances precision farming by analyzing spatial data to maximize productivity and reduce costs.
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(6a)
Geographic data refers to information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or man-made features on the Earth’s surface. GIS (Geographic Information System) is the tool or system used to collect, store, process, analyze, and display this geographic data. Without geographic data, GIS cannot function, and without GIS, the full potential of geographic data cannot be utilized.

(6b)
(i) Satellite Imagery: High-resolution images of the Earth’s surface captured by satellites provide vast geographic data used in mapping, land use planning, and environmental monitoring.
(ii) Aerial Photography: Photos taken from aircraft or drones provide detailed and accurate geographic information, especially for small or specific areas.
(iii) Surveying and GPS Devices: Land surveys and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices generate precise geographic coordinates and measurements used in map creation and land demarcation.
(iv) Maps and Charts: Existing topographic, geological, and thematic maps serve as valuable sources of geographic data for reference and analysis.
(v) Remote Sensing: Data collected from sensors on satellites or aircraft helps in capturing information about the Earth’s surface without direct contact, useful in vegetation mapping, weather analysis, and urban development studies.

(6c)
(i) Land Use Planning: Geographic data helps planners determine the best use of land for residential, commercial, industrial, or agricultural purposes.
(ii) Disaster Risk Assessment: It is used to identify areas prone to natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, or landslides, aiding in prevention and emergency response planning.
(iii) Transportation Network Design: Geographic data supports the planning and optimization of roads, railways, and public transport systems for efficient movement.
(iv) Environmental Monitoring: It is used to track changes in ecosystems, deforestation, water bodies, and air quality for effective environmental management.
(v) Resource Management: Geographic data helps locate and manage natural resources such as minerals, forests, and water for sustainable use.
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